随着“一带一路”倡议的推进及《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》（RCEP）的实施，泰国作为东南亚重要经济体，成为中国企业出海的热门目的地。然而，泰国的司法制度和诉讼程序与中国存在较大差异，企业在投资、经营及纠纷解决过程中可能面临诸多法律挑战。
With the promotion of the “Belt and Road” initiative and the implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), Thailand, as an important economy in Southeast Asia, has become a popular destination for Chinese enterprises to go overseas. However, the judicial system and litigation procedures in Thailand are quite different from those in China, and enterprises may face many legal challenges in the process of investment, operation and dispute resolution.
泰国属于大陆法系国家，法律体系受德国、法国及日本法律影响，同时保留部分传统习惯法。其司法制度以宪法为基础，法院体系分为普通法院、行政法院和军事法院，并设有独立的宪法法院。诉讼程序强调书面审理，诉讼周期较长，调解在纠纷解决中占据重要地位。此外，泰国法律对外国投资者设有特殊限制，如《外国商业法》（Foreign Business Act）对部分行业的外资持股比例作出严格规定。
Thailand is a civil law country with a legal system influenced by German, French and Japanese law, while retaining some traditional customary law. Its judicial system is based on the Constitution, and the court system is divided into ordinary courts, administrative courts and military courts, with an independent Constitutional Court. Litigation procedures emphasize written hearings, with a long litigation period and mediation playing an important role in dispute resolution. In addition, Thai law imposes special restrictions on foreign investors, such as the Foreign Business Act, which strictly regulates the percentage of foreign ownership in some industries.
本文将从泰国司法制度的基本框架入手，介绍其诉讼程序及商业法律环境，并结合中国企业出海的实际案例，提供风险防范和争议解决建议，以帮助企业更好地适应泰国法律环境。
This article will start from the basic framework of Thailand's judicial system, introduce its litigation procedures and business legal environment, and provide risk prevention and dispute resolution suggestions in combination with actual cases of Chinese enterprises going overseas, in order to help enterprises better adapt to Thailand's legal environment.
一、泰国司法制度概述
I. Overview of the Thailand’s judicial system
1.泰国的法律体系主要受大陆法系影响，核心法律包括：
1.Thailand's legal system is mainly influenced by the civil law system, and the core laws include:
宪法：现行宪法为2017年修订版，确立君主立宪制和三权分立原则。
法典：包括《民商事法典》《刑法典》《民事诉讼法典》《刑事诉讼法典》等。
特别法：如《外国商业法》《投资促进法》《劳动保护法》等。
国际条约：泰国是《纽约公约》（承认与执行外国仲裁裁决）和《保护工业产权巴黎公约》的缔约国。
泰国司法体系在1932年君主立宪革命后逐步建立，并经历多次司法改革，以提高司法独立性和效率。
Constitution: The current Constitution is the 2017 revised version, which establishes the principles of constitutional monarchy and separation of powers.
Codes: including the Civil and Commercial Code, the Penal Code, the Code of Civil Procedure, and the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Special Laws: such as the Foreign Business Act, the Investment Promotion Act, and the Labor Protection Act.
International treaties: Thailand is a party to the New York Convention (recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards) and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
Thailand's judicial system was gradually established after the 1932 Constitutional Revolution of the Monarchy and has undergone several judicial reforms to enhance judicial independence and efficiency.
2.法院体系结构
2. Structure of the Court system
泰国的法院体系主要分为以下几类：
Thailand's court system is divided into the following main categories:
（1）普通法院（审理民事、刑事案件）：
初审法院：包括民事法院、刑事法院、青少年与家庭法院等。
上诉法院：审理对初审法院判决的上诉案件。
最高法院：终审法院，仅审理法律适用问题。
（1） Ordinary courts (civil and criminal cases):
Court of First Instance: civil courts, criminal courts, juvenile and family courts, etc.
Court of Appeal: Hear appeals against the decisions of the Court of First Instance.
Supreme Court: the court of last resort, which hears only questions of the application of the law
（2）行政法院（审理政府与公民/企业的纠纷）：
中央行政法院
最高行政法院
（2） Administrative courts (hear disputes between the government and citizens/businesses):
Central Administrative Court (CAC)
Supreme Administrative Court (SAC)
（3）军事法院：审理军事相关案件。
（3）Military courts hear military-related cases.
（4）宪法法院：负责审查法律是否符合宪法。
（4）Constitutional Court: responsible for reviewing the constitutionality of laws.
（5）专门法院：如税务法院、知识产权与国际贸易法院。
（5）Specialized courts: e.g. Tax Court, Intellectual Property and International Trade Court (IP&IT Court).
3. 司法独立性及法官任命
3. Judicial independence and appointment of judges
泰国司法体系在形式上独立，但历史上曾受政治干预。法官由“司法委员会”任命，最高法院院长兼任司法委员会主席。
Thailand's judicial system is formally independent, but has historically been subject to political interference. Judges are appointed by the “Judicial Commission”, and the President of the Supreme Court is also the Chairman of the Judicial Commission.
二、泰国诉讼制度详解
II. Thailand's litigation system in detail
1.民事诉讼程序
1. Civil proceedings
泰国民事诉讼遵循1935年《民事诉讼法典》，主要特点包括：
书面审理原则：所有诉讼文件必须以书面形式提交，包括起诉状、答辩状等。
诉讼费用：按争议金额比例收取，50万泰铢以下部分按2%计算，超过部分按0.1%计算。
审理流程：包括起诉、送达、应诉、证据交换、庭审和判决等阶段，通常需1-3年完成一审。
证据规则：国外文件需经公证和泰国外交机构认证，并翻译成泰语。
Civil litigation in Thailand follows the Civil Procedure Code of 1935, and the main features include:
Principle of Written Trial: All litigation documents must be filed in writing, including the Statement of Claim, Statement of Defense, and so on.
Litigation costs: charged in proportion to the amount in dispute, with the portion up to 500,000 Baht calculated at 2% and the portion in excess at 0.1%.
Trial process: Includes the stages of prosecution, service, response, exchange of evidence, trial and judgment, and usually takes 1-3 years to complete the first trial.
Rules of evidence: Foreign documents need to be notarized and authenticated by the Thai diplomatic service and translated into Thai.
2. 刑事诉讼程序
2. Criminal procedure
泰国刑事诉讼同样依据1935年《刑事诉讼法典》，主要特点包括：
案件分类：分为危害公共利益的犯罪（可由警方主动调查）和仅危害个人利益的犯罪（需受害人起诉）。
诉讼时效：个人权益类犯罪需在知悉犯罪后3个月内起诉。
审判特点：采用对抗制，被告享有无罪推定权利。
The criminal procedure in Thailand is also based on the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1935, and the main features include the following:
Case Classification: Crimes against the public interest (which can be investigated by the police on their own initiative) and crimes against personal interests only (which need to be prosecuted by the victim).
Statute of limitations: Crimes against personal interests require prosecution within 3 months of knowledge of the crime.
Trial characteristics: Adversarial system, with the defendant enjoying the right to be presumed innocent.
3.替代性争议解决机制(ADR)
3. Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms (ADR)
泰国积极推广仲裁和调解等非诉讼解决方式：
仲裁：泰国是《纽约公约》缔约国，外国仲裁裁决在泰较易执行。
调解：法院鼓励民事纠纷调解，部分案件需先调解才能进入诉讼。
Thailand actively promotes ADR methods such as arbitration and mediation:
Arbitration: Thailand is a party to the New York Convention, and foreign arbitral awards are easier to enforce in Thailand.
Mediation: The courts encourage mediation in civil disputes, and some cases require mediation before proceeding to litigation.
三、泰国司法体系的特点
III. Characteristics of the Thai judicial system
1. 君主立宪制下的司法运作
1. The functioning of the judiciary under the constitutional monarchy
虽然泰国实行君主立宪制，但王室在司法领域仍保有特殊地位。所有司法判决都以国王名义作出，最高法院院长是司法机构的最高行政领导者。
Although Thailand has a constitutional monarchy, the Royal Family retains a special status in the judicial arena. All judicial decisions are made in the name of the King and the President of the Supreme Court is the supreme administrative head of the judiciary.
2. 佛教文化对司法的影响
2. Impact of Buddhist culture on the administration of justice
泰国司法理念深受佛教教义影响，强调和谐与非对抗性解决纠纷。调解在民事纠纷中广泛应用，法官在判决时也会考虑社会和谐因素。
Thailand's judicial philosophy is strongly influenced by Buddhist teachings, which emphasize harmony and non-adversarial dispute resolution. Mediation is widely used in civil disputes, and judges take social harmony into account in their decisions.
3. 对外国投资者的特殊规定
3. Special provisions for foreign investors
泰国通过《外国商业法》《投资促进法》等法律规范外资活动：
行业限制：部分行业（如媒体、农业）禁止外资控股。
优惠政策：投资委员会(BOI)为符合条件的外资提供税收减免等优惠。
Thailand regulates foreign investment activities through laws such as the Foreign Business Act (FBA) and the Investment Promotion Act (IPA):
Industry Restrictions: Foreign ownership is prohibited in some industries (e.g., media, agriculture).
Incentives: The Board of Investment (BOI) provides tax breaks and other incentives for qualified foreign investment.
四、结论
IV. Conclusion
泰国司法体系融合了大陆法系的严谨性和本土文化特色，为中国企业提供了相对稳定的法律环境。随着中泰法律合作日益密切，泰国司法体系正变得更加开放和透明。中国企业只有深入理解并尊重这一体系，才能在泰国市场获得长期成功。
The Thai judicial system combines the rigor of the civil law system with local cultural characteristics, providing a relatively stable legal environment for Chinese companies. With the increasingly close legal cooperation between China and Thailand, the Thai judicial system is becoming more open and transparent. Only by deeply understanding and respecting this system can Chinese companies achieve long-term success in the Thai market.
原文链接详见：泰和泰研析 | 出海泰国之一：泰国司法体系综述